Trinity Sunday and preaching one God in three persons: A Biblical Guide
Short answer: Matthew 28:19 presents Jesus' final instruction before His ascension: "Go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit." This command forms the basis for evangelism and discipleship. The passage comes after the resurrection account, where Jesus appears to His followers and instructs them to go into Galilee (Matthew 28:10). Here, He gives a comprehensive directive that encompasses both baptism and teaching, establishing the foundation of Christian mission.
The Women at the Tomb
The passage begins with Mary Magdalene and another Mary arriving at Jesus' tomb on the first day of the week after the Sabbath. Their arrival sets the stage for a dramatic event: an earthquake, an angel descending from heaven, and the rolling away of the stone. The women's presence is significant because they were among the few who remained faithful to Jesus even during His crucifixion and burial (Matthew 27:56-57). This moment marks the first revelation that Jesus has risen from the dead, as the angel announces, "He is not here; for he has risen, just like he said." The women are instructed to tell the disciples that they should go into Galilee where they will see Him (Matthew 28:5-7). This narrative shows a deliberate emphasis on the resurrection and its implications for Jesus' followers.
The women's reaction is described as one of fear and great joy, indicating their emotional state upon encountering the angel and later meeting Jesus. Their haste to deliver the news underscores the urgency with which they are to share this revelation (Matthew 28:8). The presence of guards at the tomb adds a layer of tension; after the angel appears, these men become like dead men in fear. This detail is important because it highlights the supernatural nature of the event and the divine authority that Jesus possesses even beyond His physical resurrection (Matthew 28:4).
Jesus' appearance to the women shortly afterward further confirms the truth of the angel's message. He tells them, "Rejoice!" which echoes an earlier command from the angel (Matthew 28:9). This moment is a pivotal one in the narrative, as it marks Jesus' first post-resurrection encounter with His followers and reinforces their mission to spread the news about Him. The women are not only witnesses but also active participants in the resurrection story, fulfilling a role that would be central to the early church's evangelistic efforts.
The narrative surrounding the tomb serves multiple functions within the passage. It establishes Jesus' resurrection as a historical event, introduces the commissioning of His followers, and sets the stage for the Great Commission (Matthew 28:19). The women's role in this story is crucial because they are among the first to be entrusted with the news of the resurrection. Their faithfulness is highlighted even when others faltered, as seen in earlier parts of the Gospel where they were present during Jesus' crucifixion and burial (Matthew 27:56-57). The women's actions demonstrate a pattern of obedience that would later become central to the church's mission.
The Guards and Chief Priests
Following the angel's appearance, the guards at the tomb are described as being terrified and rendered lifeless by fear. This reaction is not only a testament to the supernatural power of the event but also serves as a dramatic contrast with the earlier betrayal and crucifixion of Jesus (Matthew 27:62-66). The guards' terror underscores the divine authority that Jesus, even in His resurrected form, still commands. Their inability to prevent or comprehend what has transpired adds an element of inevitability to Jesus' resurrection story.
The guards later report their experience to the chief priests, who take swift and deliberate action by offering money to the soldiers. This act reveals a clear attempt to suppress the truth of the resurrection and maintain control over the narrative surrounding Jesus' death (Matthew 28:12-15). The chief priests' fear is evident in their need to manipulate the guards into fabricating an alternative explanation for Jesus' disappearance, namely, that His disciples stole the body while they were asleep. This attempt at deception highlights the tension between the truth of the resurrection and human efforts to obscure it.
The guards' story, as told by the chief priests, is not only a lie but also a demonstration of their fear and desire for self-preservation. The chief priests are willing to pay a large sum in silver to ensure that this fabricated narrative spreads among the people (Matthew 28:12). This action reflects broader themes within Matthew's Gospel regarding the failure of religious leadership to recognize Jesus as the Messiah, despite His miracles and teachings. Their fear and manipulation contrast sharply with the faithfulness of individuals like Mary Magdalene and other followers of Jesus.
The inclusion of the guards' report and the chief priests' response adds depth to the resurrection narrative by highlighting human resistance to God's plan. This section also foreshadows later events where the disciples themselves will face challenges in proclaiming the truth about Jesus (Matthew 28:16-17). The chief priests' deception is ultimately futile, as the resurrection becomes a central theme of early Christian teaching and mission. Their attempt to control the story fails because God's purposes cannot be hindered by human schemes.
The Disciples' Journey to Galilee
After receiving instructions from Jesus, the women set off quickly to inform His disciples about the resurrection. This journey is not merely a physical act but carries profound significance for the narrative of Matthew's Gospel (Matthew 28:8). The disciples are described as being in Galilee when they meet Jesus, fulfilling the angel's earlier instruction that they should go there and see Him (Matthew 28:7-10). This location is important because it connects to several key events in Jesus' ministry, including His teachings on the mount (Matthew 5:1), parables about the kingdom of heaven, and interactions with various groups such as Pharisees and tax collectors.
Upon arriving at Galilee, the disciples are confronted by a group that includes Jesus Himself. The text records that some of them bow down to Him but others remain doubtful (Matthew 28:16-17). This moment is significant because it reflects the complex emotions that many disciples experienced after Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection. While they were eager to see their risen Lord, there was also a lingering uncertainty about what this meant for their lives as followers of Jesus. This hesitation highlights the human element in faith and the need for further revelation before full understanding can be reached.
Jesus' appearance to His disciples in Galilee is marked by a powerful declaration: "All authority has been given to me in heaven and on earth" (Matthew 28:18). This statement underscores Jesus' divine authority, which He now exercises as the risen Lord. It also serves as a foundation for the commission that follows, where Jesus commands His disciples to make disciples of all nations through baptism and teaching (Matthew 28:19-20). The setting in Galilee is not arbitrary; it is the same place where many of Jesus' teachings took place, reinforcing the continuity between His earthly ministry and His post-resurrection mission.
The journey to Galilee and the encounter with Jesus there represent a turning point for the disciples. They have witnessed the resurrection firsthand and are now entrusted with a global mission that extends far beyond their immediate context (Matthew 28:10). This commission is not only about spreading the message of Jesus' resurrection but also about transforming lives through baptism and teaching. The setting in Galilee serves as both a reminder of Jesus' earlier teachings and a new beginning for His followers, who are now called to be witnesses to the world.
Jesus' Authority and Commission
In Matthew 28:18-20, Jesus makes one of the most significant declarations in Scripture: "All authority has been given to me in heaven and on earth." This statement is foundational because it affirms Jesus' divine status and power over all creation. It also serves as a justification for the commission that He gives to His disciples. The phrase "all authority" suggests an absolute and unchallenged dominion, which is consistent with other New Testament passages describing Jesus as sovereign (Colossians 1:16-20). This declaration underscores the unique position of Jesus in relation to both God the Father and humanity.
Following His assertion of authority, Jesus issues a direct command to His disciples: "Go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit." The use of the term "make disciples" implies more than just spreading information; it involves forming followers who are committed to Christ's teachings. This commission is not limited to a specific group or location but includes people from every nation, emphasizing the universality of God's redemptive plan (Matthew 28:19). The inclusion of all three members of the Trinity in the baptismal formula, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, is significant because it highlights the unity and co-equality within the Godhead.
Jesus' command is accompanied by an assurance that He will be with His disciples always, even to the end of the age. This promise provides comfort and encouragement for those who are called to fulfill this mission, especially in times of difficulty or opposition (Matthew 28:20). The phrase "even to the end of the age" suggests a long-term commitment from Jesus, indicating that His presence is not limited by time or space. This assurance is particularly important because it reassures disciples that they are not alone in their efforts to spread the gospel and make disciples.
The commission given by Jesus in Matthew 28:19-20 forms the basis for Christian evangelism and mission throughout history. It establishes a clear mandate for believers to engage with people from all nations, cultures, and backgrounds. This passage is often referred to as "the Great Commission," and it continues to be central to the identity and purpose of the church (Matthew 28:19). The inclusion of baptism in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit underscores the importance of both spiritual transformation and communal faith within the Christian tradition.
The Significance of Baptism
In Matthew 28:19, Jesus commands His disciples to baptize new believers in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. This instruction is central to Christian practice and theology because it establishes baptism as a key element of discipleship (Matthew 28:19). The use of the phrase "in the name of" indicates that this act carries divine authority and significance. It suggests that baptism is not merely a symbolic rite but an acknowledgment of God's triune nature, which includes both the Father and the Son as well as the Holy Spirit (Matthew 28:19).
Jesus' emphasis on baptism in the name of all three members of the Trinity underscores the unity within the Godhead. This is important because it highlights that the Christian faith is not centered solely on Jesus but also on the Father and the Holy Spirit, who are integral to both creation and redemption (Matthew 28:19). The inclusion of the Holy Spirit in particular points to the role He plays in the life of believers, guiding them into truth and empowering them for mission. This aspect is further emphasized in other parts of Matthew's Gospel where the Holy Spirit is described as a source of comfort and guidance (Matthew 10:20).
The command to baptize "all nations" reflects Jesus' vision of a global church, which includes people from every background and culture (Matthew 28:19). This instruction challenges believers to move beyond their own communities and engage with the world in order to share the good news of salvation. It is also significant because it aligns with earlier passages where Jesus spoke about His mission to bring salvation not only to Israel but also to the Gentiles (Matthew 4:17; Matthew 8:11). The inclusion of all nations in this commission underscores the universality of God's redemptive plan and the importance of reaching people who may have previously been excluded from the covenant promises.
The significance of baptism as a command from Jesus is further reinforced by His promise to be with His disciples always, even to the end of the age (Matthew 28:20). This assurance ensures that believers are not left without guidance or support in their mission. The connection between baptism and Jesus' presence highlights the idea that this rite is part of a larger framework of spiritual growth and obedience. As such, baptism becomes more than just an initial act of commitment; it represents a continuous process of discipleship under Christ's authority.
The Role of Teaching in Discipleship
In addition to the command to baptize new believers, Jesus also instructs His disciples to teach them to observe all things that He has commanded (Matthew 28:20). This emphasis on teaching is crucial because it highlights the importance of transmitting Christian teachings from one generation to another. Teaching within the context of discipleship goes beyond mere instruction; it involves shaping individuals into followers who live according to Jesus' values and principles. This is consistent with other parts of Matthew's Gospel where Jesus emphasizes the need for His followers to understand and apply His teachings in their lives (Matthew 7:24-27).
The phrase "teach them to observe all things that I commanded you" suggests a comprehensive approach to discipleship that includes both moral instruction and practical application. This is significant because it indicates that Jesus' teachings are not limited to abstract theological concepts but also encompass the daily lives of His followers. Teaching in this context involves helping individuals understand how to live out their faith in tangible ways, such as showing love for others, practicing forgiveness, and seeking justice (Matthew 5:16; Matthew 7:12).
Jesus' emphasis on teaching is particularly important because it addresses the need for continuity within the Christian tradition. This instruction ensures that future generations will not only receive the message of salvation but also be equipped to live according to its principles. It is a reminder that the mission of making disciples is not just about spreading the good news but also about nurturing followers who are committed to living in accordance with Jesus' teachings (Matthew 28:19). This aspect is further reinforced by other parts of Matthew's Gospel where teaching is described as an essential component of Christian life (Matthew 4:23; Matthew 5:1-7).
The inclusion of teaching within the Great Commission underscores the idea that discipleship is not a one-time event but an ongoing process. Jesus' command to teach reflects His understanding that transformation occurs through both knowledge and practice, making it essential for believers to be equipped with both spiritual insight and practical guidance (Matthew 28:19). This perspective aligns with other parts of the Bible where teaching is described as a key function of Christian leaders (Ephesians 4:11-16; 2 Timothy 2:2). The emphasis on teaching in Matthew's Gospel therefore serves as a foundation for understanding the role that education and instruction play within the life of the church.
For more on this passage, see What Does Matthew 28.
For more on this passage, see Matthew 27 Bible Study.
For more on this passage, see Matthew 26 Bible Study.
For more on this passage, see Matthew 25 Bible Study.
Biblical fidelity check
Matthew 28:19 must be read carefully to avoid misinterpreting Jesus' command as an endorsement of baptismal practices that are not found in Scripture. The passage itself does not specify any particular method or form of baptism beyond the instruction to baptize 'in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.' This wording is significant because it reflects a trinitarian understanding of God, which emphasizes the unity among the three persons of the Trinity (Matthew 28:19). Some interpretations may suggest that this verse supports baptismal formulas that do not include all three members of the Godhead. However, the passage clearly affirms the presence and involvement of each member in the act of baptism, making it a critical point for theological discussion. Another interpretive risk involves overemphasizing the role of human effort in evangelism without recognizing Jesus' promise to be with His disciples always (Matthew 28:20). While the Great Commission is central to Christian mission, it must be understood as part of God's overarching plan rather than a purely human initiative. This means that while believers are called to participate actively in spreading the gospel and making disciples, they do so under the guidance and power of Jesus' presence (Matthew 28:19). The passage does not promise guaranteed success or immediate results but instead emphasizes faithfulness as the key to fulfilling this mission. What remains central is the authority of Jesus over all creation and His commission to make disciples throughout the world. This command must be interpreted in light of other passages that describe the role of the Holy Spirit in empowering believers (John 14:26; John 15:26). The emphasis on baptism and teaching should also be understood as part of a broader framework of spiritual growth, where both personal commitment and community support are essential for effective discipleship. In this way, Matthew 28:19 serves not only as a command but also as a foundation for understanding the nature of Christian mission and identity.
Frequently asked questions
What Does Matthew 28:19 Mean in Context?
Matthew 28:19 is part of Jesus' final instructions to His disciples after His resurrection. In this verse, He commands them to make disciples of all nations through baptism and teaching (Matthew 28:19). This command forms the basis for Christian evangelism and mission. The context includes the earlier revelation of Jesus' resurrection by an angel at the tomb and a later appearance where He instructs His followers to go into Galilee (Matthew 28:5-10). This passage emphasizes both the authority of Jesus and the responsibility of believers to spread the gospel globally.
What Is the Significance of Baptism in Matthew 28:19?
In Matthew 28:19, baptism is presented as a key element of making disciples. Jesus commands His followers to baptize new believers 'in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit' (Matthew 28:19). This instruction highlights the importance of recognizing all three members of the Trinity in Christian practice. Baptism is not merely symbolic but a sign of commitment to God's redemptive plan, which includes both spiritual transformation and communal faith. The inclusion of the Holy Spirit underscores His role in empowering believers for mission.
How Does Matthew 28:19 Relate to Teaching?
Matthew 28:19 is closely tied to teaching, as Jesus commands His disciples not only to baptize but also to teach new followers 'to observe all things that I commanded you' (Matthew 28:20). This emphasizes the importance of transmitting Christian teachings from one generation to another. Teaching in this context goes beyond mere instruction; it involves shaping individuals into followers who live according to Jesus' values and principles. The passage underscores the idea that discipleship is an ongoing process, where both knowledge and practical application are essential for spiritual growth.
